![]() List of birds of Nicaragua. This is a list of the bird species recorded in Nicaragua. The avifauna of Nicaragua include a total of 7. ![]() None is endemic. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2. The tags are from Bird Checklists of the World. The commonly occurring native species and migrants do not fall into either of these categories. Notes of population status are from Birdlife Internationial. Although they look similar to other ground- dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emus, and kiwis. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Black- bellied whistling- duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis. ![]() Fulvous whistling- duck, Dendrocygna bicolor. Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata. American wigeon, Anas americana. Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (A)Blue- winged teal, Anas discors. Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera. Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata. Northern pintail, Anas acuta. Green- winged teal, Anas crecca. ![]()
![]() Canvasback, Aythya valisineria. Redhead, Aythya americana (A)Ring- necked duck, Aythya collaris. Greater scaup, Aythya marila (A)Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis. Masked duck, Nomonyx dominicus. Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (A)Guans, chachalacas, and curassows. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull- plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments. New World quail. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. ![]() Shearwaters and petrels. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. ![]() The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat- like. Tropicbirds. Their heads and long wings have black markings. Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae. Storks are large, long- legged, long- necked wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill- clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. The Pacific Human Rights Law Digest (Volume 5) is a collection of recent human rights case law from across the Pacific for use by legal practitioners, magistrates and. When science isn’t science-based: In class with Dr. John Ioannidis. Lessons from one of the world’s most influential scientists. Get breaking Finance news and the latest business articles from AOL. From stock market news to jobs and real estate, it can all be found here. Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews.com. ![]() BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. John McEnroe has shared a video of himself condemning Margaret Court’s homophobic bullshit from last week, though he stopped short of joining those asking for the. ![]() Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Frigatebirds. They are large, black- and- white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan- to- body- weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. Boobies and gannets. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge- dive for fish. Cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black- and- white and a few being colorful. Anhingas. The males have black and dark- brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape, and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The anhingas have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving. Pelicans. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long- necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills. Pinnated bittern, Botaurus pinnatus. American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus. Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis. Rufescent tiger- heron, Tigrisoma lineatum. Bare- throated tiger- heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum. ![]() Great blue heron, Ardea herodias. Great egret, Ardea alba. Snowy egret, Egretta thula. Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea. Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor. Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (near- threatened)Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis. Green heron, Butorides virescens. Striated heron, Butorides striata. Agami heron, Agamia agami (vulnerable)Black- crowned night- heron, Nycticorax nycticorax. Yellow- crowned night- heron, Nyctanassa violacea. Boat- billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius. Ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 1. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. New World vultures. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carrion. Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae. The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium- large raptor which is a specialist fish- eater with a worldwide distribution. Hawks, eagles, and kites. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii. White- tailed kite, Elanus leucurus. Hook- billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus. Gray- headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis. Swallow- tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus. Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis (near- threatened)Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja (near- threatened)Black hawk- eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus. Ornate hawk- eagle, Spizaetus ornatus (near- threatened)Black- and- white hawk- eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus. Black- collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis. Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis. Double- toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus. Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis. Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea. Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus. Tiny hawk, Accipiter superciliosus. Sharp- shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus. Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii. Bicolored hawk, Accipiter bicolor. Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens. Common black hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus. Savanna hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis (A)Great black hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga. Solitary eagle, Buteogallus solitarius (near- threatened)Barred hawk, Morphnarchus princeps. Roadside hawk, Rupornis magnirostris. Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus. White- tailed hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus. White hawk, Pseudastur albicollis. Semiplumbeous hawk, Leucopternis semiplumbeus. Gray hawk, Buteo plagiatus. Gray- lined hawk, Buteo nitidus. Broad- winged hawk, Buteo platypterus. Short- tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus. Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni. Zone- tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus. Red- tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis. Sunbittern. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Yellow- breasted crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer. Ruddy crake, Laterallus ruber. White- throated crake, Laterallus albigularis. Gray- breasted crake, Laterallus exilis. Mangrove rail, Rallus longirostris. Rufous- necked wood- rail, Aramides axillaris. Russet- naped wood- rail, Aramides albiventris. Uniform crake, Amaurolimnas concolor. Sora, Porzana carolina. Spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus. Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus. Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata. American coot, Fulica americana. Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae. Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots. Limpkin. It has drab- brown plumage and a grayer head and neck. Thick- knees. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow- black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi- arid habitats. Stilts and avocets. The avocets have long legs and long up- curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Oystercatchers. They are small to medium- sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Black- bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola. American golden- plover, Pluvialis dominica. Pacific golden- plover, Pluvialis fulva (A)Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis (A)Collared plover, Charadrius collaris. Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (near- threatened)Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia. Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus. Piping plover, Charadrius melodus (near- threatened)Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus. Jacanas. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. Sandpipers and allies. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda. Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus. Long- billed curlew, Numenius americanus. Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa. Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres. Red knot, Calidris canutus (near- threatened)Surfbird, Calidris virgata. Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus. Sanderling, Calidris alba. Dunlin, Calidris alpina. Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii. Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla. White- rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis. Buff- breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (near- threatened)Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos. Pacific Human Rights Law Digest. You are here. Pac. LII > >. Pacific Human Rights Law Digest > > Volume 5. PACIFIC HUMAN. RIGHTS LAW DIGEST - . VOLUME 5. Download PDF version . SPC authorises. the partial reproduction or translation of this material for. SPC and the source document are properly. Permission to. reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether. Original SPC. artwork may not be altered or. RRRT's first Pacific Human Rights Law Digest. This anniversary edition. PHRLDs, containing two additional sections, with. Much. of this training has focused on encouraging the use of conventions. In practice, RRRT has contributed to increased reliance on, and. The overall purpose of this Pacific. Human Rights Law Digest is to. Pacific law students, lawyers, magistrates. For those without ready access to the Internet, the PHRLD provides a. For those connected to the. Internet, the digest also serves as an inventory of the most. Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute website (www. Pacific region. It is therefore not just a compilation or. SPC's RRRT has a vast network of. The. experience of this network of human rights actors has now been. Diploma in Leadership, Governance and Human Rights. SPC's RRRT and the University of the. South Pacific (USP), and is offered through 1. USP campuses in the. Pacific region. RRRT's ultimate objective is to help to build a human rights culture. Pacific region. It is a programme of the Secretariat of. Pacific Community, an international organisation that provides. Pacific Island countries and territories. RRRT has specific programmes in Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia. FSM), Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Republic of Marshall Islands, Palau. Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu, and works on request. SPC member countries and territories. With partners. including governments and regional and civil society organisations. RRRT has been described as a 'cutting edge programme' in human rights. RRRT's goal is to enhance development for all Pacific peoples through. At the regional level, it seeks to realise this goal. Volume 5 of the Pacific. Human Rights Law Digest is supported by the Australian. Government. USING THE. This is the fifth volume of the Pacific. Human Rights Law Digest. As with previous volumes, volume. Pacific region and. While the collection does not purport. Pacific region that have dealt with human. It gives particular attention to. Pacific. region. It contains selected. SRHR, and regional cases in relation to. Although these areas are relatively novel in terms of. Pacific region. Each summary contains a. Each. summary also lists the laws and international instruments considered by. Not all cases referred. The keyword index section aims to. PHRLDs. Unfortunately Interights ceased its operations in. RRRT acknowledges Interights as the primary inspiration for. Pacific region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. RRRT would like to thank Joni Madraiwiwi, Chief Justice of Nauru, and. Chris Yuen, Senior RRRT Human Rights Mentor/Australian Volunteers. International volunteer, for contributing their expertise and. We would. also like to thank SPC staff members who assisted during the final. PHRLD. Staff of RRRT contributed. In the decade since the. Human rights are. What has facilitated this process in. Convention on the Elimination of. All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the. Child (CRC). It is no coincidence that a significant. Human trafficking, which first appeared in volume 4 of the. PHRLD, reappears in this volume, and slavery is addressed as an issue. Both topics reflect the less appealing aspects of. All Pacific Island states have either signed or. CRC or CEDAW (with the exception of Tonga), and seven. International. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Palau is the only. This. deficit tends to affect the region adversely by not having the. This was the editorial focus of the first. PHRLD, and some of the case law reported in the volumes after. These volumes have been prepared, at the very least, to be used. The. focus now is more on the nature of the right being considered and how. The distinguished drafters. Bangalore Principles, which were developed in 1. Pacific but. globally as well, as reflected in the cases from outside the region. The tendency to be critical and dismissive. Pacific Island. societies takes time and commitment. There is no deep- rooted tradition. Pacific about asserting rights through mass action. In such an environment, the courts bear much of the. But. as was noted in the editorial commentary in volume 4, this is an issue. In Part II of this volume of the PHRLD, cases are included. Litigants go to. court to seek redress for alleged breaches of their rights, usually by. Part III highlights cases dealing with sexual and reproductive health. Nauru and Papua New Guinea). From a rights perspective, human rights. PART. This part of the PHRLD deals with cases from Pacific jurisdictions. In some of the cases, the courts have. In People of Guam v Calhoun. The court held that the public interest was served by. It was held that there could be an implied waiver to that. The court. reasoned that if the 1. The. requirement to establish whether consent was voluntary is a safeguard. This understanding is also accompanied, paradoxically, by. Many parents and elders in the. Pacific have real difficulty accepting that disciplining and positively. In the Fijian case of State v KRAK, the. He was convicted of. FJD. 5,0. 00 to assure his good behaviour until the age of 1. In the Vanuatu. Prosecutor v Tiobang, a 1. He received. a two- year suspended sentence, conditional on good behaviour. While. there is some concern about leniency in the latter case, had both. CRC Committee), neither offender would. In both cases, no. The approach taken where. In the Fijian case of Dakai. The State, the court reduced the 2- year sentence (with. The. substituted sentence was 1. No reference was made to the CRC. The respondent, an 1. The court at first instance cited the CRC as a. In People of Guam v Mendola. First Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct was a. The court held that while there was no. In Kumar v The State. Juveniles. Act, denying him the right to a fair trial, was. The court held that the provision was unconstitutional. In the Tongan case of Saavedra v Solicitor General. The assessment was made. Compare this with the Nauruan. In re Adoption of. BR, where it was held that s. Adoption of Children Act. The act was. silent on the issue. And if it was to be construed as contrary to the. CRC, the act predated the CRC and parliament had chosen to. Contrast this with another Fijian case, Sing v Singh, in. CRC and the provisions of art. Adoption of Infants Act. It. would, however, be unfair to conclude that PNG is less respectful of. Pacific neighbours. In the years after the. December 2. 00. 6 coup in Fiji, there were several well- publicised. Acknowledgment needs to be made of. PNG courts have played in highlighting the issues that are. General and. exemplary damages were ordered against the state for victims of. A significant point to note. Police brutality is a common. PNG. The reasons are varied and complex, requiring reform. PNG as a. country is much larger than its Pacific neighbours and far more. Those factors also need to be taken into account during any. In the case of In re. Jacob Okimbari, the applicant was awarded reasonable and. Subsequently convicted, he was first assaulted. He was then shot in both legs and taken. The police refused to allow him. He then was. assaulted for another two days, and was beaten with a bat until he lost. He was again taken to hospital and then released without. In In re Namson Lamasing. He was detained for a further five. The repeated use of violence in both. The plaintiff alleged that the. The court held. that he was entitled to be protected against inhumane treatment and. The minimum legal requirements regarding food from the. However, the breaches were not so. In Punitia. v Tutuila, the appellants appealed against damages awarded. WST 9. 63,7. 10, with several being ordered to pay. WST 1. 8,5. 85. On appeal, the amount was reduced to WST. WST 5. 0,0. 00. The appellants had not. The court held that the respondents'. The punitive level of damages indicated strong court. The rule of law grounds democracy in. Democracy, in turn, infuses the rule of law with. One. cannot exist without the other for those reasons. In re Constitutional Amendment. Law 2. 00. 8, reference by the Ombudsman Commission of PNG. Ombudsman Commission by. In O'Neil. v Klapat the matter was dismissed for want of prosecution. Its failure to take the matter. Finally, in In re Powers, Functions and. Responsibilities of the Commissioner of Police, the court. However, a warrant of arrest, issued by the district court. They underscore the point that they are intended. They also. provide criteria for assessing whether an exercise of power or. In the Tuvalu cases of In the Matter of the Constitution. In the Matter of an. Application for Interpretation of the Constitution between Hon Kamuta. Latasi & Ors v Attorney General & Ors, the. September 2. 01. 1 after the elections on 1. September was not, in. Similarly, in the Vanuatu case of Carcasses v Boedoro. In an appeal involving the same parties. Court of Appeals affirmed the court's at first decision in which it. It was a. breach of the separation of powers and, therefore, unconstitutional. In. the Nauru case of Keke. Ors v Scotty, the court came to a different. In In re Right of Referendum of the. People of Guam, the legislature passed a law providing for. November 2. 01. 4 general. Guam Code Annotated. GCA), legalising the medicinal use of cannabis. The Guam Electoral. Commission refused to place the question on the ballot, arguing that it. Organic Law and the GCA in breaching the separation of. The court held that the authorising law was valid and. The. referendum was only a consultative mechanism by which the electorate. In the Solomon. Islands case of Wale v.
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